当谈到空气质量时,人们首先想到的国家是中国和印度,更普遍的是亚洲。即使在世界空气质量指数项目中,亚洲从一开始就一直是我们的重点关注对象(很可能是因为这里是我们的总部所在地!)。
几年前,也就是2012年,我们决定将业务范围扩大到其他七大洲,首先是大洋洲,然后是欧洲以及北美、南美。
但七大洲之一的非洲却出奇地落后。我们收到了许多关于数据缺乏的询问,最后一个询问来自 Said E.,他写道:
感谢您创建世界空气质量指数项目网站。它提供了非常有用的信息。
我唯一担心的是为什么不考虑非洲。
仅供参考,我是摩洛哥公民。
由于撒哈拉沙尘,实际上有充分的理由担心北非和中东的空气质量。这些尘埃数量巨大,甚至能够跨越各大洲,向南美洲以及欧洲移动。
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我们一直在对非洲(和中东)可用的空气质量监测进行大量研究,结果是非洲只有两个国家提供非洲的实时数据:这两个国家是塞内加尔和南非。
幸运的是,世界卫生组织 (WHO) 在制定 2014 年更新的室外空气质量清单方面做了非常出色的工作,可从who.int/phe/health_topics/outdoorair/en/获取。
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9b/UNEP_logo.svg/183px-UNEP_logo.svg.png)
从他们的清单来看,除了我们已经在世界空气质量指数项目中清单的塞内加尔共和国和南非之外,其他四个国家也提供了读数,即:加纳、利比里亚、坦桑尼亚和毛里求斯。
令人惊讶的是,我们发现了现有监测站的证据,却没有提到摩洛哥。另一个惊喜是肯尼亚,它是联合国环境规划署(UNEP)总部所在地。人们会期望环境署主动在其大楼的屋顶上建立一个监测站,就像美国顾问现在在世界各地所做的那样。
并非世卫组织报告中提到的所有国家都提供连续读数:对于其中一些国家来说,监测是一个临时项目,数据只能在有限的时间内获得。无论如何,一旦我们掌握了这四个新国家的数据,我们就会更新世界空气质量指数项目网站。同时,人们可以通过下面的地图了解当前的空气质量状况,该地图基于实时每日平均远程卫星读数。
Ghana | Accra - 4 residential and 1 roadside station in Accra | |
Liberia | Buchanan (rural) - 1 station: rural, 500m away from community, Osris Sanniquellie (rural) - 1 station: rural, within the community, Osiris monitors | |
Mauritius | Beau Bassin/Rose Hill, Coromandel - 1 station: in town of Beau Bassin/Rose Hill Bramsthan, Flacq - 1 station: in Placq (rural) Midlands - 1 station: rural Port Louis - 1 station: urban St Louis city | |
Senegal | Dakar - 3 stations in capital city: 2 traffic, 1 urban for PM10; 1 station traffic for PM2.5 | |
South Africa | Cape Town (urban, total) - 7 stations: 6 urban (incl regional urban), 1 industrial Durban - 5 stations: urban, mostly residential Highveld Priority Area Network - 5 stations: residential Johannesburg - 6 stations: 2 no info, 3 background, 1 urbna/commercial/industrial Tshwane (Pretoria) (total, urban) - 6 stations: 3 no info, 3 residential/industrial Vaal Priority Area - 5 stations: urban, mostly residential Waterberg - 3 stations: residential | |
Unit. Rep. of Tanzania | Morogoro - 1 station, 2 measurement (during dry and wet season) |
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对于对中东感兴趣的读者,世界卫生组织正在盘点不少有监测数据的国家。已列入世界空气质量指数项目的国家有阿拉伯联合酋长国、伊朗、卡塔尔和黎巴嫩。
请注意,在撰写本文时,阿布扎比/阿联酋的空气质量监测系统尚未运行,并且已经维护了几个月(自 2014 年夏季以来)。不过,迪拜的监控系统正在运行。
Afghanistan | Kabul - ISAF HQ - 1 station: urban Mazar-e Sharif - Camp Northern Lights - 1 station: urban outskirts | |
Egypt | Cairo - 48 stations (8 industrial, 9 urban, 5 residential, 10 traffic, 4 remote, 12 mixed) Delta cities - 13 stations (4 industrial, 4 urban, 2 residential, 1 remote, 2 mixed) | |
Iran | Ahvaz - 1 station (residential) Khoramabad - 8 stations, covering the metropolis area Tehran - 7 stations with valid data: no information given about sites | |
Jordan | Amman - 4 stations: 2 high and 2 low pollution areas | |
Lebanon | Beirut - 3 stations in 1 city Tripoli - 01/2008-06/2008 (6 months) | |
Pakistan | Karachi - 3 stations in various location: 1 unknown, 1 industrial/residential, 1 commercial/residential Lahore - Johar Town - 1 station: residential Peshwar - 1 station: N/A Rawalpindi - 1 station: residential | |
Bahrain | Hamad Town - 1 Residential urban station Hidd - 1 Residential urban station Ma'ameer - 1 Residential Industrial station (Mixed) Nabih Saleh - 1 Urban background station Ras Hayan - 1 Rural background station | |
Oman | Muscat - 4 stations in 1 city: 1 commercial, 2 industrial, 1 unknown | |
Qatar | Al Wakrah - Mobile Station Doha - 3 stations | |
Saudi Arabia | Jeddah - 7 stations: 3 residential, 3 urban and 1 suburban | |
United Arab Emirates | Abu Dhabi - 2 stations: 2 urban/residential Al Ain - Urban/ Residential -Al Ain School - 1 station: urban/residential Al Gharbia - Biya Zayed - 1 station: no information given |
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Afr | AfrD | Ghana | Accra | 98 | 2008 | 49 | 2008 | 4 residential and 1 roadside station in Accra | NA | Dionisio KL, Arku RE, Hughes AF, et al. Air pollution in Accra neighborhoods: spatial, socioeconomic, and temporal patterns. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2010;44(7):2270-2276. | ||||
Afr | AfrD | Liberia | Buchanan (rural) | 66 | 2009 | 9 | 2009 | 1 station: rural, 500m away from community, Osris | 54% | Nimba Western Area Iron Ore Concentrator Mining Project, Environmental and Social impact assessment, March 2014 | N/A | N/A | ||
Afr | AfrD | Liberia | Sanniquellie (rural) | 52 | 2009 | 10 | 2009 | 1 station: rural, within the community, Osiris monitors | 60% | Nimba Western Area Iron Ore Concentrator Mining Project, Environmental and Social impact assessment, March 2013 | N/A | N/A | ||
Afr | AfrD | Mauritius | Beau Bassin/Rose Hill, Coromandel | 131 | 2011 | 66 | 3 | 1 station: in town of Beau Bassin/Rose Hill | 2 months | Environment Statistics 2011, Government of Mauritius | N/A | N/A | ||
Afr | AfrD | Mauritius | Bramsthan, Flacq | 37 | 2010 | 19 | 3 | 1 station: in Placq (rural) | 2 months | Environment Statistics 2010, Government of Mauritius | N/A | N/A | ||
Afr | AfrD | Mauritius | Midlands | 20 | 2011 | 10 | 3 | 1 station: rural | 2 months | Environment Statistics 2011, Government of Mauritius | N/A | N/A | ||
Afr | AfrD | Mauritius | Port Louis | 22 | 2010 | 11 | 3 | 1 station: urban St Louis city | 2 months | Environment Statistics 2010, Government of Mauritius | N/A | N/A | ||
Afr | AfrD | Senegal | Dakar | 179 | 2012 | 40 | 2012 | 3 stations in capital city: 2 traffic, 1 urban for PM10; 1 station traffic for PM2.5 | NA | République du Sénégal, Ministère de l'Environnement, Suivi de la qualité de l'air à Dakar. | ||||
Afr | AfrE | South Africa | Cape Town (urban, total) | 30 | 2011 | 16 | 3 | 7 stations: 6 urban (incl regional urban), 1 industrial | 12 months | 2012 State of Air Report and National Air Quality Indicator Session 1.4 - SAAQIS, from the 7th Lekgota on Air Quality Governance | ||||
Afr | AfrE | South Africa | Durban | 26 | 2012 | 14 | 3 | 5 stations: urban, mostly residential | 12 months | South African Air Quality Information System, data received upon request (July 2013) | ||||
Afr | AfrE | South Africa | Highveld Priority Area Network | 51 | 2012 | 24 | 2012 | 5 stations: residential | 12 months | South African Air Quality Information System, data received upon request (July 2013) | ||||
Afr | AfrE | South Africa | Johannesburg | 98 | 2011 | 51 | 3 | 6 stations: 2 no info, 3 background, 1 urbna/commercial/industrial | 12 months | 2012 State of Air Report and National Air Quality Indicator Session 1.4 - SAAQIS, from the 7th Lekgota on Air Quality Governance | ||||
Afr | AfrE | South Africa | Tshwane (Pretoria) (total, urban) | 59 | 2012 | 31 | 3 | 6 stations: 3 no info, 3 residential/industrial | 12 months | South African Air Quality Information System, data received upon request (July 2013) | ||||
Afr | AfrE | South Africa | Vaal Priority Area | 62 | 2012 | 32 | 2012 | 5 stations: urban, mostly residential | 12 months | South African Air Quality Information System, data received upon request (July 2013) | ||||
Afr | AfrE | South Africa | Waterberg | 48 | 2012 | 11 | 2012 | 3 stations: residential | 12 months | South African Air Quality Information System, data received upon request (July 2013) | ||||
Afr | AfrE | Unit. Rep. of Tanzania | Morogoro | 35 | 2011 | 23 | 2011 | 1 station, 2 measurement (during dry and wet season) | 33 days | Mkoma, Stelyus L., et al. "Characteristics of Low-Molecular Weight Carboxylic Acids in PM2. 5 and PM10 Ambient Aerosols From Tanzania." (2012). | 06°47'41S" | 37°37'44"E | ||
Emr | EmrD | Afghanistan | Kabul - ISAF HQ | 260 | 2009 | 86 | 2009 | 1 station: urban | 14 days | Magnusson et al., Broad Exposure Screening of Air Pollutants in the Occupational Environment of Swedish Soldiers Deployed in Afghanistan; MILITARY MEDICINE, 177, 3:318, 2012 | ||||
Emr | EmrD | Afghanistan | Mazar-e Sharif - Camp Northern Lights | 334 | 2009 | 68 | 2009 | 1 station: urban outskirts | 14 days | Magnusson et al., Broad Exposure Screening of Air Pollutants in the Occupational Environment of Swedish Soldiers Deployed in Afghanistan; MILITARY MEDICINE, 177, 3:318, 2012 | ||||
Emr | EmrD | Egypt | Cairo | 135 | 2011 | 73 | 3 | 48 stations (8 industrial, 9 urban, 5 residential, 10 traffic, 4 remote, 12 mixed) | State of the Environment Report 2011 in Arabic | |||||
Emr | EmrD | Egypt | Delta cities | 140 | 2011 | 76 | 3 | 13 stations (4 industrial, 4 urban, 2 residential, 1 remote, 2 mixed) | State of the Environment Report 2011 in Arabic | |||||
Emr | EmrB | Iran | Ahvaz | 320 | 2010 | 70 | 2010 | 1 station (residential) | 6 months | "Shahsavani et al., The evaluation of PM10, PM2.5, and PM1 concentrations during the Middle Eastern | ||||
Emr | EmrB | Iran | Khoramabad | 121 | 2010 | 102 | 2010 | 8 stations, covering the metropolis area | 11 months | "Mirhosseini et al., Analysis of Particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5) | ||||
Emr | EmrB | Iran | Tehran | 91 | 2010 | 30 | 3 | 7 stations with valid data: no information given about sites | 12 months | "Naddafi et al., Health impact assessment of air pollution in | ||||
Emr | EmrB | Jordan | Amman | 128 | 2010 | 48 | 3 | 4 stations: 2 high and 2 low pollution areas | 54 days | "Alnawaiseh et al., Relationship Between Vehicle |