非洲和中东的空气质量
Air Quality in Africa and Middle East

Posted on April 8th 2015
(re-edited on January 12th 2020)
分享: aqicn.org/faq/2015-04-08/air-quality-in-africa-and-middle-east/cn/


Flag of the African Union

当谈到空气质量时,人们首先想到的国家是中国和印度,更普遍的是亚洲。即使在世界空气质量指数项目中,亚洲从一开始就一直是我们的重点关注对象(很可能是因为这里是我们的总部所在地!)。

几年前,也就是2012年,我们决定将业务范围扩大到其他七大洲,首先是大洋洲,然后是欧洲以及北美南美

但七大洲之一的非洲却出奇地落后。我们收到了许多关于数据缺乏的询问,最后一个询问来自 Said E.,他写道:

感谢您创建世界空气质量指数项目网站。它提供了非常有用的信息。
我唯一担心的是为什么不考虑非洲
仅供参考,我是摩洛哥公民。

由于撒哈拉沙尘,实际上有充分的理由担心北非和中东的空气质量。这些尘埃数量巨大,甚至能够跨越各大洲,向南美洲以及欧洲移动。


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我们一直在对非洲(和中东)可用的空气质量监测进行大量研究,结果是非洲只有两个国家提供非洲的实时数据:这两个国家是塞内加尔南非

幸运的是,世界卫生组织 (WHO) 在制定 2014 年更新的室外空气质量清单方面做了非常出色的工作,可从who.int/phe/health_topics/outdoorair/en/获取。

从他们的清单来看,除了我们已经在世界空气质量指数项目中清单的塞内加尔共和国和南非之外,其他四个国家也提供了读数,即:加纳、利比里亚、坦桑尼亚和毛里求斯。

令人惊讶的是,我们发现了现有监测站的证据,却没有提到摩洛哥。另一个惊喜是肯尼亚,它是联合国环境规划署(UNEP)总部所在地。人们会期望环境署主动在其大楼的屋顶上建立一个监测站,就像美国顾问现在在世界各地所做的那样。

并非世卫组织报告中提到的所有国家都提供连续读数:对于其中一些国家来说,监测是一个临时项目,数据只能在有限的时间内获得。无论如何,一旦我们掌握了这四个新国家的数据,我们就会更新世界空气质量指数项目网站。同时,人们可以通过下面的地图了解当前的空气质量状况,该地图基于实时每日平均远程卫星读数。

Africa map with PM2.5 AQI overlay, forecasted on - Markers in blue are for Africa, and in violet for Middle East.
GhanaAccra - 4 residential and 1 roadside station in Accra
LiberiaBuchanan (rural) - 1 station: rural, 500m away from community, Osris Sanniquellie (rural) - 1 station: rural, within the community, Osiris monitors
MauritiusBeau Bassin/Rose Hill, Coromandel - 1 station: in town of Beau Bassin/Rose Hill Bramsthan, Flacq - 1 station: in Placq (rural) Midlands - 1 station: rural Port Louis - 1 station: urban St Louis city
SenegalDakar - 3 stations in capital city: 2 traffic, 1 urban for PM10; 1 station traffic for PM2.5
South AfricaCape Town (urban, total) - 7 stations: 6 urban (incl regional urban), 1 industrial Durban - 5 stations: urban, mostly residential Highveld Priority Area Network - 5 stations: residential Johannesburg - 6 stations: 2 no info, 3 background, 1 urbna/commercial/industrial Tshwane (Pretoria) (total, urban) - 6 stations: 3 no info, 3 residential/industrial Vaal Priority Area - 5 stations: urban, mostly residential Waterberg - 3 stations: residential
Unit. Rep. of TanzaniaMorogoro - 1 station, 2 measurement (during dry and wet season)

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对于对中东感兴趣的读者,世界卫生组织正在盘点不少有监测数据的国家。已列入世界空气质量指数项目的国家有阿拉伯联合酋长国伊朗卡塔尔黎巴嫩

请注意,在撰写本文时,阿布扎比/阿联酋的空气质量监测系统尚未运行,并且已经维护了几个月(自 2014 年夏季以来)。不过,迪拜的监控系统正在运行。

AfghanistanKabul - ISAF HQ - 1 station: urban Mazar-e Sharif - Camp Northern Lights - 1 station: urban outskirts
EgyptCairo - 48 stations (8 industrial, 9 urban, 5 residential, 10 traffic, 4 remote, 12 mixed) Delta cities - 13 stations (4 industrial, 4 urban, 2 residential, 1 remote, 2 mixed)
IranAhvaz - 1 station (residential) Khoramabad - 8 stations, covering the metropolis area Tehran - 7 stations with valid data: no information given about sites
JordanAmman - 4 stations: 2 high and 2 low pollution areas
LebanonBeirut - 3 stations in 1 city Tripoli - 01/2008-06/2008 (6 months)
PakistanKarachi - 3 stations in various location: 1 unknown, 1 industrial/residential, 1 commercial/residential Lahore - Johar Town - 1 station: residential Peshwar - 1 station: N/A Rawalpindi - 1 station: residential
BahrainHamad Town - 1 Residential urban station Hidd - 1 Residential urban station Ma'ameer - 1 Residential Industrial station (Mixed) Nabih Saleh - 1 Urban background station Ras Hayan - 1 Rural background station
OmanMuscat - 4 stations in 1 city: 1 commercial, 2 industrial, 1 unknown
QatarAl Wakrah - Mobile Station Doha - 3 stations
Saudi ArabiaJeddah - 7 stations: 3 residential, 3 urban and 1 suburban
United Arab EmiratesAbu Dhabi - 2 stations: 2 urban/residential Al Ain - Urban/ Residential -Al Ain School - 1 station: urban/residential Al Gharbia - Biya Zayed - 1 station: no information given

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Extract of the World Health Organization Ambient (outdoor) air pollution in cities database

AfrAfrDGhanaAccra9820084920084 residential and 1 roadside station in AccraNADionisio KL, Arku RE, Hughes AF, et al. Air pollution in Accra neighborhoods: spatial, socioeconomic, and temporal patterns. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2010;44(7):2270-2276.  
AfrAfrDLiberiaBuchanan (rural)662009920091 station: rural, 500m away from community, Osris54%Nimba Western Area Iron Ore Concentrator Mining Project, Environmental and Social impact assessment, March 2014N/AN/A
AfrAfrDLiberiaSanniquellie (rural)5220091020091 station: rural, within the community, Osiris monitors60%Nimba Western Area Iron Ore Concentrator Mining Project, Environmental and Social impact assessment, March 2013N/AN/A
AfrAfrDMauritiusBeau Bassin/Rose Hill, Coromandel13120116631 station: in town of Beau Bassin/Rose Hill2 monthsEnvironment Statistics 2011, Government of MauritiusN/AN/A
AfrAfrDMauritiusBramsthan, Flacq3720101931 station: in Placq (rural)2 monthsEnvironment Statistics 2010, Government of MauritiusN/AN/A
AfrAfrDMauritiusMidlands2020111031 station: rural2 monthsEnvironment Statistics 2011, Government of MauritiusN/AN/A
AfrAfrDMauritiusPort Louis2220101131 station: urban St Louis city2 monthsEnvironment Statistics 2010, Government of MauritiusN/AN/A
AfrAfrDSenegalDakar17920124020123 stations in capital city: 2 traffic, 1 urban for PM10; 1 station traffic for PM2.5NARépublique du Sénégal, Ministère de l'Environnement, Suivi de la qualité de l'air à Dakar.
AfrAfrESouth AfricaCape Town (urban, total)3020111637 stations: 6 urban (incl regional urban), 1 industrial12 months2012 State of Air Report and National Air Quality Indicator Session 1.4 - SAAQIS, from the 7th Lekgota on Air Quality Governance
AfrAfrESouth AfricaDurban2620121435 stations: urban, mostly residential12 monthsSouth African Air Quality Information System, data received upon request (July 2013)
AfrAfrESouth AfricaHighveld Priority Area Network5120122420125 stations: residential12 monthsSouth African Air Quality Information System, data received upon request (July 2013)
AfrAfrESouth AfricaJohannesburg9820115136 stations: 2 no info, 3 background, 1 urbna/commercial/industrial12 months2012 State of Air Report and National Air Quality Indicator Session 1.4 - SAAQIS, from the 7th Lekgota on Air Quality Governance
AfrAfrESouth AfricaTshwane (Pretoria) (total, urban)5920123136 stations: 3 no info, 3 residential/industrial12 monthsSouth African Air Quality Information System, data received upon request (July 2013)
AfrAfrESouth AfricaVaal Priority Area 6220123220125 stations: urban, mostly residential12 monthsSouth African Air Quality Information System, data received upon request (July 2013)
AfrAfrESouth AfricaWaterberg4820121120123 stations: residential12 monthsSouth African Air Quality Information System, data received upon request (July 2013)
AfrAfrEUnit. Rep. of TanzaniaMorogoro3520112320111 station, 2 measurement (during dry and wet season)33 daysMkoma, Stelyus L., et al. "Characteristics of Low-Molecular Weight Carboxylic Acids in PM2. 5 and PM10 Ambient Aerosols From Tanzania." (2012).06°47'41S"37°37'44"E
EmrEmrDAfghanistanKabul - ISAF HQ26020098620091 station: urban14 daysMagnusson et al., Broad Exposure Screening of Air Pollutants in the Occupational Environment of Swedish Soldiers Deployed in Afghanistan; MILITARY MEDICINE, 177, 3:318, 2012
EmrEmrDAfghanistanMazar-e Sharif - Camp Northern Lights 33420096820091 station: urban outskirts14 daysMagnusson et al., Broad Exposure Screening of Air Pollutants in the Occupational Environment of Swedish Soldiers Deployed in Afghanistan; MILITARY MEDICINE, 177, 3:318, 2012
EmrEmrDEgyptCairo135201173348 stations (8 industrial, 9 urban, 5 residential, 10 traffic, 4 remote, 12 mixed) State of the Environment Report 2011 in Arabic
EmrEmrDEgyptDelta cities140201176313 stations (4 industrial, 4 urban, 2 residential, 1 remote, 2 mixed) State of the Environment Report 2011 in Arabic
EmrEmrBIranAhvaz32020107020101 station (residential)6 months"Shahsavani et al., The evaluation of PM10, PM2.5, and PM1 concentrations during the Middle Eastern
EmrEmrBIranKhoramabad121201010220108 stations, covering the metropolis area11 months"Mirhosseini et al., Analysis of Particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5)
EmrEmrBIranTehran9120103037 stations with valid data: no information given about sites12 months"Naddafi et al., Health impact assessment of air pollution in
EmrEmrBJordanAmman12820104834 stations: 2 high and 2 low pollution areas54 days"Alnawaiseh et al., Relationship Between Vehicle
...
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关于空气质量与空气污染指数

本网站采用的污染指数和颜色与EPA是完全相同的。 EPA的指数可以从 AirNow上查到

空气质量指数空气质量指数级别(状况)及表示颜色对健康影响情况建议采取的措施
0 - 50一级(优)空气质量令人满意,基本无空气污染各类人群可正常活动
51 -100二级(良)空气质量可接受,但某些污染物可能对极少数异常敏感人群健康有较弱影响极少数异常敏感人群应减少户外活动
101-150三级(轻度污染)易感人群症状有轻度加剧,健康人群出现刺激症状儿童、老年人及心脏病、呼吸系统疾病患者应减少长时间、高强度的户外锻炼
151-200四级(中度污染)进一步加剧易感人群症状,可能对健康人群心脏、呼吸系统有影响儿童、老年人及心脏病、呼吸系统疾病患者避免长时间、高强度的户外锻炼,一般人群适量减少户外运动
201-300五级(重度污染)心脏病和肺病患者症状显著加剧,运动耐受力降低,健康人群普遍出现症状儿童、老年人及心脏病、肺病患者应停留在室内,停止户外运动,一般人群减少户外运动
300+六级(严重污染)健康人群运动耐受力降低,有明显强烈症状,提前出现某些疾病儿童、老年人和病人应停留在室内,避免体力消耗,一般人群避免户外活动
(参考详见http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/空气质量指数)

如果你想了解更多有关空气质量与污染,详见维基百科或者 AirNow

有关健康建议详见北京的Richard Saint Cyr MD医生的博客:www.myhealthbeijing.com


注意事项: 所有空气质量数据在发布时均未经验证,并且为了保证数据质量,这些数据可能随时被修改,恕不另行通知。 世界空气质量指数项目在编制此信息的内容时已经运用了所有合理的技能和谨慎,在任何情况下世界空气质量指数项目团队或其代理人将不会为由于提供此数据而直接或间接引起的伤害、合同损失、侵权及其他任何损失负责。



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