世界衛生組織發布《2014年城市環境(室外)空氣污染資料庫》已經一年多了。參與該計畫的世衛組織團隊在收集如此多國家的數據方面做得非常出色,並將其集中在一個可供所有人訪問的地方。
我們在過去的幾篇文章中對此進行了介紹(例如非洲或拉丁美洲的空氣品質),但我們從未有機會查看不同的選項來視覺化其資料集。因此,這就是我們將在本文中討論的內容。
Level | Air Quality Guideline | Intermediate target - 1 | Intermediate target - 2 | Intermediate target - 3 | Over target | Significantly over target | |
視覺化的第一步是定義層級和關聯的顏色。為此,世界衛生組織已經定義了 PM 10和 PM 2.5年濃度的幾個濃度斷點,即世界衛生組織的“空氣品質指南和臨時目標”,因此我們將重複使用相同的斷點值。
為了可視化,增加了一個稱為「顯著超過目標」的額外水平,並將其定義為較高臨時目標(目標水平 3)濃度的 150%。顏色代碼也分配給每個等級。右表總結了關聯。
為了繪製每個國家的數據(世界衛生組織資料庫中有來自 92 個國家的 1622 個國家),我們使用國家平均濃度 - 按每個城市的居民數量加權。因此,如果同一國家最大的城市 AQI 較低,而少數較小城市的 AQI 較高,則該國的全國 AQI 水準應報告為小到中等。
為了了解世界衛生組織資料庫中報告的每個城市的居民人數,我們正在使用geonames.org的服務。不幸的是,並非 WHO 資料庫中報告的所有城市都可以在 geonames.org 上進行匹配,因此下面的可視化並不完全準確,但足以證明概念。
World Health Organization: Annual Ambient Air Pollution
Level/Color |
Air Quality Guideline |
Intermediate target - 1 |
Intermediate target - 2 |
Intermediate target - 3 |
Over target |
Significantly over target |
-
作為參考,這裡列出了所有國家的 PM10 和 PM2.5 污染物年度加權濃度。 「具有空氣品質資料的城市的居民」欄位是指從 geonames.org 服務取得的可進行反向地理編碼的城市的總人口。
Country | #Stations | #Inhabitants for the cities with Air Quality Data PM2.5 | PM10 | City without population information | annual concentration | weighted concentration | annual concentration | weighted concentration | | |||||||||||
CA | Canada | 131 | 40.8M | 6.9 | 7.5 | 20.7 | 22.6 | 38 cities (out of 131) | ||||||||||||
IL | Israel | 16 | 1M | 30.3 | 24.6 | 62.5 | 59.1 | 9 cities (out of 16) | ||||||||||||
IS | Iceland | 3 | 0.2M | 6.3 | 8.2 | 10 | 10.5 | |||||||||||||
US | United States | 379 | 84.2M | 9.7 | 12.9 | 16 | 21.3 | 137 cities (out of 379) | ||||||||||||
BN | Brunei | 4 | 0.2M | 6.8 | 6.6 | 14.5 | 13.9 | |||||||||||||
NZ | New Zealand | 17 | 3M | 7.6 | 6.8 | 15.4 | 14.1 | 1 city (out of 17) | ||||||||||||
AU | Australia | 15 | 15.2M | 6.3 | 5.7 | 12.7 | 12.8 | 3 cities (out of 15) | ||||||||||||
SE | Sweden | 5 | 2.2M | 9.2 | 8.7 | 17.3 | 16.5 | |||||||||||||
ES | Spain | 46 | 16.9M | 12.2 | 12.4 | 22.8 | 23.2 | |||||||||||||
JP | Japan | 20 | 33.4M | 9.2 | 10 | 20.2 | 22 | 15 cities (out of 20) | ||||||||||||
FI | Finland | 5 | 1.1M | 6.8 | 7.3 | 11.5 | 12.3 | |||||||||||||
MY | Malaysia | 7 | 2M | 12.4 | 13.2 | 27 | 28.7 | 1 city (out of 7) | ||||||||||||
EE | Estonia | 3 | 0.6M | 7.3 | 7.2 | 15 | 14 | |||||||||||||
PT | Portugal | 15 | 2.2M | 11.5 | 12.3 | 27.3 | 29.2 | 2 cities (out of 15) | ||||||||||||
NO | Norway | 4 | 1.1M | 9.5 | 10.9 | 18.3 | 20.3 | |||||||||||||
IE | Ireland | 2 | 1.2M | 8.5 | 8.8 | 17.5 | 17.8 | |||||||||||||
GB | United Kingdom | 36 | 16.2M | 13.3 | 14.7 | 19.6 | 20.8 | |||||||||||||
LR | Liberia | 2 | 0M | 9.5 | 9.3 | 59 | 61.7 | |||||||||||||
EC | Ecuador | 9 | 4.6M | 17.4 | 24.1 | 36.3 | 50.6 | 1 city (out of 9) | ||||||||||||
MV | Maldives | 1 | 0M | 9 | - | 20 | - | 1 city (out of 1) | ||||||||||||
BR | Brazil | 40 | 32.3M | 19.1 | 21.7 | 36 | 40.5 | 2 cities (out of 40) | ||||||||||||
IT | Italy | 48 | 11.2M | 22.7 | 24.1 | 32 | 33.2 | |||||||||||||
IN | India | 124 | 123.4M | 46 | 60.6 | 102.1 | 129.1 | 7 cities (out of 124) | ||||||||||||
BT | Bhutan | 1 | 0.1M | 10 | 10 | 23 | 23 | |||||||||||||
MU | Mauritius | 4 | 0.3M | 26.5 | 38.1 | 52.5 | 75.7 | 1 city (out of 4) | ||||||||||||
FR | France | 81 | 13.8M | 17.4 | 17.4 | 24.2 | 24.6 | 1 city (out of 81) | ||||||||||||
TH | Thailand | 29 | 8.3M | 22.4 | 20.6 | 41.4 | 38.9 | |||||||||||||
ZA | South Africa | 7 | 10.8M | 25.6 | 24 | 53.4 | 47 | 2 cities (out of 7) | ||||||||||||
PL | Poland | 54 | 11.9M | 26.9 | 26.9 | 37.2 | 38.3 | |||||||||||||
DE | Germany | 71 | 23M | 16.1 | 17 | 21.7 | 22.8 | 2 cities (out of 71) | ||||||||||||
LT | Lithuania | 2 | 0.5M | 14 | 16 | 21 | 23 | 1 city (out of 2) | ||||||||||||
MT | Malta | 1 | 0M | 12 | 12 | 0 | - | |||||||||||||
RO | Romania | 14 | 4.2M | 19.6 | 21 | 31.8 | 37.1 | |||||||||||||
BY | Belarus | 4 | 2.7M | 15 | 15.7 | 22.8 | 23.9 | |||||||||||||
CO | Colombia | 10 | 14.3M | 23.1 | 24.5 | 41.2 | 43.6 | 1 city (out of 10) | ||||||||||||
BE | Belgium | 7 | 2.3M | 17.4 | 18.1 | 25.8 | 27 | |||||||||||||
MC | Monaco | 1 | 0M | 13 | 13 | 20 | 20 | |||||||||||||
JM | Jamaica | 3 | 0M | 17 | 15.3 | 31.7 | 28.6 | |||||||||||||
MX | Mexico | 9 | 18.7M | 22.2 | 23.9 | 61.8 | 79.5 | 1 city (out of 9) | ||||||||||||
CL | Chile | 24 | 3.2M | 24.9 | 26.8 | 52.8 | 55.7 | 4 cities (out of 24) | ||||||||||||
CH | Switzerland | 6 | 0.9M | 15.3 | 15.1 | 22.7 | 22.2 | |||||||||||||
CR | Costa Rica | 4 | 0.1M | 17.8 | 18.8 | 32.8 | 35.1 | 1 city (out of 4) | ||||||||||||
TR | Turkey | 71 | 33.4M | 42.8 | 39.1 | 63.8 | 58.4 | 1 city (out of 71) | ||||||||||||
NL | Netherlands | 12 | 3M | 16.4 | 16.9 | 25.4 | 25.5 | |||||||||||||
LU | Luxembourg | 1 | 0.1M | 14 | 14 | 18 | 18 | |||||||||||||
AT | Austria | 5 | 2.3M | 18.8 | 19.1 | 25.8 | 26.7 | |||||||||||||
CZ | Czech Republic | 15 | 2.8M | 23.1 | 21.9 | 31.5 | 29.3 | 1 city (out of 15) | ||||||||||||
DK | Denmark | 3 | 1.5M | 16.3 | 16.7 | 12 | 12 | |||||||||||||
AD | Andorra | 1 | 0M | 16 | 16 | 24 | 24 | |||||||||||||
LV | Latvia | 1 | 0.7M | 16 | 16 | 23 | 23 | |||||||||||||
AR | Argentina | 1 | 13.1M | 16 | 16 | 30 | 30 | |||||||||||||
GR | Greece | 5 | 0.2M | 21.8 | 21.4 | 28 | 23.6 | |||||||||||||
SG | Singapore | 1 | 3.5M | 17 | 17 | 27 | 27 | |||||||||||||
UY | Uruguay | 1 | 1.3M | 18 | 18 | 27 | 27 | |||||||||||||
KR | South Korea | 36 | 31.3M | 23.4 | 23 | 51.1 | 50.6 | 3 cities (out of 36) | ||||||||||||
PY | Paraguay | 1 | 1.5M | 18 | 18 | 0 | - | |||||||||||||
CN | China | 112 | 263.3M | 40.4 | 41.4 | 88 | 90.1 | 9 cities (out of 112) | ||||||||||||
MN | Mongolia | 8 | 1.1M | 50.5 | 61.8 | 109.9 | 134.4 | 1 city (out of 8) | ||||||||||||
VN | Vietnam | 3 | 5.7M | 28.3 | 29 | 62 | 63 | |||||||||||||
LB | Lebanon | 2 | 3.1M | 24.5 | 23.4 | 72 | 69.8 | |||||||||||||
ID | Indonesia | 1 | 8.5M | 21 | 21 | 48 | 48 | |||||||||||||
BG | Bulgaria | 13 | 2.7M | 34.4 | 38.6 | 51.9 | 57.4 | |||||||||||||
CY | Cyprus | 2 | 0.4M | 23 | 23.1 | 36 | 36 | |||||||||||||
SK | Slovakia | 6 | 2.6M | 26 | 25.4 | 36.4 | 33.8 | 1 city (out of 6) | ||||||||||||
PH | Philippines | 3 | 11.5M | 31 | 22.6 | 67.7 | 50.2 | |||||||||||||
RU | Russia | 1 | 10.4M | 22 | 22 | 33 | 33 | |||||||||||||
HU | Hungary | 3 | 2.1M | 25.3 | 26.7 | 33.3 | 33.1 | |||||||||||||
SI | Slovenia | 2 | 0.4M | 24 | 24.5 | 31 | 31 | |||||||||||||
BO | Bolivia | 2 | 1.7M | 32 | 32.5 | 58.5 | 59.3 | |||||||||||||
TZ | Tanzania | 1 | 0.3M | 23 | 23 | 35 | 35 | |||||||||||||
VE | Venezuela | 2 | 3M | 28 | 24 | 52 | 45 | 1 city (out of 2) | ||||||||||||
SA | Saudi Arabia | 1 | 2.9M | 28 | 28 | 87 | 87 | |||||||||||||
LK | Sri Lanka | 1 | 0.6M | 28 | 28 | 64 | 64 | |||||||||||||
MM | Myanmar | 1 | 1.2M | 30 | 30 | 69 | 69 | |||||||||||||
IR | Iran | 3 | 8M | 67.3 | 34.2 | 177.3 | 115.1 | 1 city (out of 3) | ||||||||||||
OM | Oman | 1 | 0.8M | 31 | 31 | 82 | 82 | |||||||||||||
HN | Honduras | 1 | 0.9M | 32 | 32 | 58 | 58 | |||||||||||||
BA | Bosnia and Herzegovina | 1 | 0.7M | 33 | 33 | 48 | 48 | |||||||||||||
GT | Guatemala | 1 | 1M | 33 | 33 | 45 | 45 | |||||||||||||
RS | Serbia | 2 | 1.5M | 39.5 | 35.8 | 59 | 53.6 | |||||||||||||
PE | Peru | 1 | 7.7M | 38 | 38 | 63 | 63 | |||||||||||||
SN | Senegal | 1 | 2.5M | 40 | 40 | 179 | 179 | |||||||||||||
BH | Bahrain | 5 | 0.5M | 54.6 | 56.1 | 249.4 | 255.5 | |||||||||||||
JO | Jordan | 1 | 1.3M | 48 | 48 | 128 | 128 | |||||||||||||
GH | Ghana | 1 | 2M | 49 | 49 | 98 | 98 | |||||||||||||
NP | Nepal | 1 | 1.4M | 50 | 50 | 114 | 114 | |||||||||||||
AE | United Arab Emirates | 3 | 0.6M | 60 | 64 | 159.7 | 170 | 2 cities (out of 3) | ||||||||||||
BD | Bangladesh | 8 | 30.5M | 76 | 83.3 | 153.5 | 168.9 | |||||||||||||
PK | Pakistan | 4 | 13.4M | 100.8 | 115.7 | 364.8 | 295.8 | 2 cities (out of 4) | ||||||||||||
AF | Afghanistan | 2 | 3M | 77 | 86 | 297 | 260 | 1 city (out of 2) | ||||||||||||
EG | Egypt | 2 | 7.7M | 74.5 | 73 | 137.5 | 135 | 1 city (out of 2) | ||||||||||||
QA | Qatar | 2 | 0.4M | 89 | 92.4 | 160 | 166.9 |