
世界卫生组织发布《2014年城市环境(室外)空气污染数据库》已经一年多了。参与该项目的世卫组织团队在收集如此多国家的数据方面做得非常出色,并将所有数据集中在一个可供所有人访问的地方。
我们在过去的几篇文章中对此进行了介绍(例如非洲或拉丁美洲的空气质量),但我们从未有机会查看不同的选项来可视化其数据集。因此,这就是我们将在本文中讨论的内容。
Level | ||
Air Quality Guideline | ||
Intermediate target - 1 | ||
Intermediate target - 2 | ||
Intermediate target - 3 | ||
Over target | ||
Significantly over target |
可视化的第一步是定义级别和关联的颜色。为此,世界卫生组织已经定义了 PM 10和 PM 2.5年浓度的几个浓度断点,即世界卫生组织的“空气质量指南和临时目标”,因此我们将重复使用相同的断点值。
为了可视化,添加了一个称为“显着超过目标”的额外水平,并将其定义为较高临时目标(目标水平 3)浓度的 150%。颜色代码也分配给每个级别。右表总结了关联。
为了绘制每个国家的数据(世界卫生组织数据库中有来自 92 个国家的 1622 个国家),我们使用国家平均浓度 - 按每个城市的居民数量加权。因此,如果同一国家最大的城市 AQI 较低,而少数较小城市的 AQI 较高,则该国的全国 AQI 水平应报告为小到中等。
为了了解世界卫生组织数据库中报告的每个城市的居民人数,我们正在使用geonames.org的服务。不幸的是,并非 WHO 数据库中报告的所有城市都可以在 geonames.org 上进行匹配,因此下面的可视化并不完全准确,但足以证明概念。

Level/Color |
Air Quality Guideline |
Intermediate target - 1 |
Intermediate target - 2 |
Intermediate target - 3 |
Over target |
Significantly over target |
-
Leaflet | Tiles © Esri — Esri, DeLorme, NAVTEQ, TomTom, Intermap, iPC, USGS, FAO, NPS, NRCAN, GeoBase, Kadaster NL, Ordnance Survey, Esri Japan, METI, Esri China (Hong Kong), and the GIS User Community
作为参考,这里列出了所有国家的 PM10 和 PM2.5 污染物年度加权浓度。 “具有空气质量数据的城市的居民”列是指从 geonames.org 服务获取的可进行反向地理编码的城市的总人口。
Country | #Stations | #Inhabitants for the cities with Air Quality Data | PM2.5 | PM10 | City without population information | |||||||
annual concentration | weighted concentration | annual concentration | weighted concentration | |||||||||
CA | Canada | 131 | 40.8M | 6.9 | 7.5 | 20.7 | 22.6 | 38 cities (out of 131) | ||||
IL | Israel | 16 | 1M | 30.3 | 24.6 | 62.5 | 59.1 | 9 cities (out of 16) | ||||
IS | Iceland | 3 | 0.2M | 6.3 | 8.2 | 10 | 10.5 | |||||
US | United States | 379 | 84.2M | 9.7 | 12.9 | 16 | 21.3 | 137 cities (out of 379) | ||||
BN | Brunei | 4 | 0.2M | 6.8 | 6.6 | 14.5 | 13.9 | |||||
NZ | New Zealand | 17 | 3M | 7.6 | 6.8 | 15.4 | 14.1 | 1 city (out of 17) | ||||
AU | Australia | 15 | 15.2M | 6.3 | 5.7 | 12.7 | 12.8 | 3 cities (out of 15) | ||||
SE | Sweden | 5 | 2.2M | 9.2 | 8.7 | 17.3 | 16.5 | |||||
ES | Spain | 46 | 16.9M | 12.2 | 12.4 | 22.8 | 23.2 | |||||
JP | Japan | 20 | 33.4M | 9.2 | 10 | 20.2 | 22 | 15 cities (out of 20) | ||||
FI | Finland | 5 | 1.1M | 6.8 | 7.3 | 11.5 | 12.3 | |||||
MY | Malaysia | 7 | 2M | 12.4 | 13.2 | 27 | 28.7 | 1 city (out of 7) | ||||
EE | Estonia | 3 | 0.6M | 7.3 | 7.2 | 15 | 14 | |||||
PT | Portugal | 15 | 2.2M | 11.5 | 12.3 | 27.3 | 29.2 | 2 cities (out of 15) | ||||
NO | Norway | 4 | 1.1M | 9.5 | 10.9 | 18.3 | 20.3 | |||||
IE | Ireland | 2 | 1.2M | 8.5 | 8.8 | 17.5 | 17.8 | |||||
GB | United Kingdom | 36 | 16.2M | 13.3 | 14.7 | 19.6 | 20.8 | |||||
LR | Liberia | 2 | 0M | 9.5 | 9.3 | 59 | 61.7 | |||||
EC | Ecuador | 9 | 4.6M | 17.4 | 24.1 | 36.3 | 50.6 | 1 city (out of 9) | ||||
MV | Maldives | 1 | 0M | 9 | - | 20 | - | 1 city (out of 1) | ||||
BR | Brazil | 40 | 32.3M | 19.1 | 21.7 | 36 | 40.5 | 2 cities (out of 40) | ||||
IT | Italy | 48 | 11.2M | 22.7 | 24.1 | 32 | 33.2 | |||||
IN | India | 124 | 123.4M | 46 | 60.6 | 102.1 | 129.1 | 7 cities (out of 124) | ||||
BT | Bhutan | 1 | 0.1M | 10 | 10 | 23 | 23 | |||||
MU | Mauritius | 4 | 0.3M | 26.5 | 38.1 | 52.5 | 75.7 | 1 city (out of 4) | ||||
FR | France | 81 | 13.8M | 17.4 | 17.4 | 24.2 | 24.6 | 1 city (out of 81) | ||||
TH | Thailand | 29 | 8.3M | 22.4 | 20.6 | 41.4 | 38.9 | |||||
ZA | South Africa | 7 | 10.8M | 25.6 | 24 | 53.4 | 47 | 2 cities (out of 7) | ||||
PL | Poland | 54 | 11.9M | 26.9 | 26.9 | 37.2 | 38.3 | |||||
DE | Germany | 71 | 23M | 16.1 | 17 | 21.7 | 22.8 | 2 cities (out of 71) | ||||
LT | Lithuania | 2 | 0.5M | 14 | 16 | 21 | 23 | 1 city (out of 2) | ||||
MT | Malta | 1 | 0M | 12 | 12 | 0 | - | |||||
RO | Romania | 14 | 4.2M | 19.6 | 21 | 31.8 | 37.1 | |||||
BY | Belarus | 4 | 2.7M | 15 | 15.7 | 22.8 | 23.9 | |||||
CO | Colombia | 10 | 14.3M | 23.1 | 24.5 | 41.2 | 43.6 | 1 city (out of 10) | ||||
BE | Belgium | 7 | 2.3M | 17.4 | 18.1 | 25.8 | 27 | |||||
MC | Monaco | 1 | 0M | 13 | 13 | 20 | 20 | |||||
JM | Jamaica | 3 | 0M | 17 | 15.3 | 31.7 | 28.6 | |||||
MX | Mexico | 9 | 18.7M | 22.2 | 23.9 | 61.8 | 79.5 | 1 city (out of 9) | ||||
CL | Chile | 24 | 3.2M | 24.9 | 26.8 | 52.8 | 55.7 | 4 cities (out of 24) | ||||
CH | Switzerland | 6 | 0.9M | 15.3 | 15.1 | 22.7 | 22.2 | |||||
CR | Costa Rica | 4 | 0.1M | 17.8 | 18.8 | 32.8 | 35.1 | 1 city (out of 4) | ||||
TR | Turkey | 71 | 33.4M | 42.8 | 39.1 | 63.8 | 58.4 | 1 city (out of 71) | ||||
NL | Netherlands | 12 | 3M | 16.4 | 16.9 | 25.4 | 25.5 | |||||
LU | Luxembourg | 1 | 0.1M | 14 | 14 | 18 | 18 | |||||
AT | Austria | 5 | 2.3M | 18.8 | 19.1 | 25.8 | 26.7 | |||||
CZ | Czech Republic | 15 | 2.8M | 23.1 | 21.9 | 31.5 | 29.3 | 1 city (out of 15) | ||||
DK | Denmark | 3 | 1.5M | 16.3 | 16.7 | 12 | 12 | |||||
AD | Andorra | 1 | 0M | 16 | 16 | 24 | 24 | |||||
LV | Latvia | 1 | 0.7M | 16 | 16 | 23 | 23 | |||||
AR | Argentina | 1 | 13.1M | 16 | 16 | 30 | 30 | |||||
GR | Greece | 5 | 0.2M | 21.8 | 21.4 | 28 | 23.6 | |||||
SG | Singapore | 1 | 3.5M | 17 | 17 | 27 | 27 | |||||
UY | Uruguay | 1 | 1.3M | 18 | 18 | 27 | 27 | |||||
KR | South Korea | 36 | 31.3M | 23.4 | 23 | 51.1 | 50.6 | 3 cities (out of 36) | ||||
PY | Paraguay | 1 | 1.5M | 18 | 18 | 0 | - | |||||
CN | China | 112 | 263.3M | 40.4 | 41.4 | 88 | 90.1 | 9 cities (out of 112) | ||||
MN | Mongolia | 8 | 1.1M | 50.5 | 61.8 | 109.9 | 134.4 | 1 city (out of 8) | ||||
VN | Vietnam | 3 | 5.7M | 28.3 | 29 | 62 | 63 | |||||
LB | Lebanon | 2 | 3.1M | 24.5 | 23.4 | 72 | 69.8 | |||||
ID | Indonesia | 1 | 8.5M | 21 | 21 | 48 | 48 | |||||
BG | Bulgaria | 13 | 2.7M | 34.4 | 38.6 | 51.9 | 57.4 | |||||
CY | Cyprus | 2 | 0.4M | 23 | 23.1 | 36 | 36 | |||||
SK | Slovakia | 6 | 2.6M | 26 | 25.4 | 36.4 | 33.8 | 1 city (out of 6) | ||||
PH | Philippines | 3 | 11.5M | 31 | 22.6 | 67.7 | 50.2 | |||||
RU | Russia | 1 | 10.4M | 22 | 22 | 33 | 33 | |||||
HU | Hungary | 3 | 2.1M | 25.3 | 26.7 | 33.3 | 33.1 | |||||
SI | Slovenia | 2 | 0.4M | 24 | 24.5 | 31 | 31 | |||||
BO | Bolivia | 2 | 1.7M | 32 | 32.5 | 58.5 | 59.3 | |||||
TZ | Tanzania | 1 | 0.3M | 23 | 23 | 35 | 35 | |||||
VE | Venezuela | 2 | 3M | 28 | 24 | 52 | 45 | 1 city (out of 2) | ||||
SA | Saudi Arabia | 1 | 2.9M | 28 | 28 | 87 | 87 | |||||
LK | Sri Lanka | 1 | 0.6M | 28 | 28 | 64 | 64 | |||||
MM | Myanmar | 1 | 1.2M | 30 | 30 | 69 | 69 | |||||
IR | Iran | 3 | 8M | 67.3 | 34.2 | 177.3 | 115.1 | 1 city (out of 3) | ||||
OM | Oman | 1 | 0.8M | 31 | 31 | 82 | 82 | |||||
HN | Honduras | 1 | 0.9M | 32 | 32 | 58 | 58 | |||||
BA | Bosnia and Herzegovina | 1 | 0.7M | 33 | 33 | 48 | 48 | |||||
GT | Guatemala | 1 | 1M | 33 | 33 | 45 | 45 | |||||
RS | Serbia | 2 | 1.5M | 39.5 | 35.8 | 59 | 53.6 | |||||
PE | Peru | 1 | 7.7M | 38 | 38 | 63 | 63 | |||||
SN | Senegal | 1 | 2.5M | 40 | 40 | 179 | 179 | |||||
BH | Bahrain | 5 | 0.5M | 54.6 | 56.1 | 249.4 | 255.5 | |||||
JO | Jordan | 1 | 1.3M | 48 | 48 | 128 | 128 | |||||
GH | Ghana | 1 | 2M | 49 | 49 | 98 | 98 | |||||
NP | Nepal | 1 | 1.4M | 50 | 50 | 114 | 114 | |||||
AE | United Arab Emirates | 3 | 0.6M | 60 | 64 | 159.7 | 170 | 2 cities (out of 3) | ||||
BD | Bangladesh | 8 | 30.5M | 76 | 83.3 | 153.5 | 168.9 | |||||
PK | Pakistan | 4 | 13.4M | 100.8 | 115.7 | 364.8 | 295.8 | 2 cities (out of 4) | ||||
AF | Afghanistan | 2 | 3M | 77 | 86 | 297 | 260 | 1 city (out of 2) | ||||
EG | Egypt | 2 | 7.7M | 74.5 | 73 | 137.5 | 135 | 1 city (out of 2) | ||||
QA | Qatar | 2 | 0.4M | 89 | 92.4 | 160 | 166.9 |